Copyright and DMCA

This page sets out how to send a DMCA notice and credits every photograph the site uses. Abrahamic Religions respects the rights of copyright owners. If any content infringes your copyright, the procedure below sets out how to tell us.

The DMCA: notice of infringement

Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Title 17 of the United States Code, section 512, a copyright owner or an authorised agent may send a takedown notice. Send it through the Contact page, and include the following.

• A physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner, or of a person authorised to act for the owner.
• Identification of the copyrighted work said to be infringed.
• Identification of the material to be removed, with the address of the page in question, so that we can find it.
• Contact details sufficient for us to reach you, including a name, address and email address.
• A statement that you believe in good faith that the use is not authorised by the copyright owner, its agent or the law.
• A statement, made under penalty of perjury, that the information in the notice is accurate and that you are authorised to act for the copyright owner.

What happens next

We review each notice and remove or disable access to material that appears to infringe, and we tell the person who posted it. Anyone who believes material was removed in error may send a counter-notice containing the same categories of information.

A caution

Anyone who knowingly misrepresents that material is infringing may be liable for damages, including costs and legal fees, under section 512(f).

Photograph credits

Photographs not credited below come from Abrahamic Religions’ own collection. The images below, and the drawing of the darfash, come from Wikimedia Commons and appear under the licence named beside each one. Each has been cropped and resized for the theme; images under a ShareAlike licence remain available on the same terms.

• The darfash drawing on the Mandaeism page and its card: Dragovit, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Mandaean baptism on the Karun River, group: Mehdi Pedramkhoo, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak: Tsyganov Sergey, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Mount Sinai: Tamerlan, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Mandaean baptism in the Karun River: Mehdi Pedramkhoo, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Leningrad Codex, folio 8a: Unknown scribe; scan by USC Dornsife, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Codex Alexandrinus, Gospel of Mark: Unknown scribe, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Great Isaiah Scroll: Unknown scribe; photograph by Ardon Bar Hama, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The ziggurat of Ur: Hardnfast, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Tel Megiddo from the air: AVRAMGR, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Great Mosque of Córdoba: Benjamin Smith, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Jordan River at Qasr al-Yahud: Fallaner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Birmingham Qur’an manuscript: Unknown scribe, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Marid Castle, Dumat al-Jandal: Richard Mortel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Aleppo Codex, the Ten Commandments: J. Segall, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives: Daniel Case, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Abraham’s Oak, near Hebron: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The excavated site of ancient Beersheba: Oren Rozen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Merneptah Stele, Cairo: Webscribe, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Lachish Relief, British Museum: Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net)., CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Umayyad Mosque, Damascus: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The caves near Qumran: Hoshvilim, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Papyrus 52, John Rylands Library: RylandsImaging, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Treasury at Petra: Ywpark2003 Prof. Yong Woo Park, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Assyrian relief of Arab riders, British Museum: Anthony Huan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The former School of Translators, Toledo: لا روسا, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Arabic manuscript of Aristotle’s Organon: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A mihrab in Isfahan, Iran: 16th century Iranian Architectures, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Worshippers at the Western Wall, Jerusalem: Askii, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Exterior of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A synagogue Torah ark: Elyane ferrari, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A triquetra symbol: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Jabal al-Nour, near Makkah: Kaliper1, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Canterbury Cathedral: ECetc Church Photos, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Memorial statue of Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Córdoba: Saleemzohaib, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The House of the Virgin Mary, near Ephesus: No machine-readable author provided. Mfryc assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Ruins at Harran, Turkey: Zorka Sojka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Myrtle (Myrtus communis): Roger Culos, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Statue of Ramesses II, Museo Egizio, Turin: Unknown authorUnknown author, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Egyptian scarab amulet, Walters Art Museum: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Cambridge University Library: Sebastian Ballard, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Sea of Galilee: אילנה שקולניק ilana shkolnik, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Manger Square, Bethlehem: Alexey Goral, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A page of Genesis, Aleppo Codex: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The courtyard of al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo: Radosław Botev, CC BY 3.0 pl, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A legal document from the Cairo Genizah: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Basilica of the Annunciation, Nazareth: Hoshvilim, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A page of the Codex Sinaiticus: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Latin manuscript of a commentary on Aristotle: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Aerial view of the Karun River, Ahvaz: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Sea of Galilee from the Mount of Beatitudes: Bahnfrend, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The King Abdullah I Mosque, Amman: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• World Council of Churches headquarters, Geneva: MHM55, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A page of Thomas Aquinas’ Summa theologiae: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Diagram of lunar phases, from a manuscript of al-Biruni’s Kitab al-Tafhim: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The obelisk and pylon of the Luxor Temple: Ad Meskens, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Columns of the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak: David Broad, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Ruins at Persepolis: Paul, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Lagos, Nigeria, skyline: Clara Sanchiz, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Istiqlal Mosque and the Jakarta skyline: JS Barry, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• World population density map, 2020: Petnog, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Antakya (ancient Antioch), Turkey: Maarten Sepp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Chester Beatty papyrus of Paul’s letters: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Ruins of ancient Corinth, with the Temple of Apollo and Acrocorinth: Nicholas Hartmann, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A page of the Vilna Talmud: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Opening of the Second Vatican Council, St Peter’s Square: Peter Geymayer, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Palace of Justice, Putrajaya: Wolfiewhite, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The old town and castle of Harran: Hamdigumus, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Ophiuchus, from a manuscript of al-Ṣūfī’s treatise on the fixed stars: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Planispheric astrolabe, Iran, 984 CE, Museum of Islamic Art, Doha: Ciphers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The cenotaph of Abraham, Ibrahimi Mosque, Hebron: Fallaner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The approach to the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron: Daniel Ventura, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The old enclosure of the well of Zamzam, Makkah: Mardetanha, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Karun River and the White Bridge, Ahvaz: Alireza Javaheri, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The green dome of the Prophet’s Mosque, Madinah: TheHadiRahim, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• St Peter’s Square from the dome of St Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City: Evadb, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Herodian walls of the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron: Djampa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The shore of Lake İznik: Archaeology Tur, Şahin Uysal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Lefke Gate, İznik: Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Hagia Sophia, İznik (side view): Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Hagia Sophia, İznik (courtyard): Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: Arild Vågen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Citadel of Qaitbay, Alexandria: لا روسا, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Church of St Peter, Antakya: Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Hagia Sophia across the Sultanahmet fountain: Alvesgaspar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The dome of Hagia Sophia: Ronan Reinart, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Hagia Sophia in 1852, lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspare Fossati: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Pilgrims on the plain of ʿArafāt: Fadi El Binni of Al Jazeera English, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The tents of Minā: Arisdp, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The night at Muzdalifah: Arisdp, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• İznik tile of the camp at ʿArafāt, Topkapı Palace: Myrabella, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Jabal al-Nūr, Makkah: Richard Mortel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The entrance to the cave of Ḥirāʾ: saudipics, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Quba Mosque at night: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Quba Mosque in daylight: Adhi Rachdian, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr.
• The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem: Ala J Graczyk, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The Basilica of the Annunciation, Nazareth: sunBeam, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The Monastery of Saint Catherine, Sinai: Sokil, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The Church of Saint John the Baptist at the baptism site, Jordan: Bob McCaffrey, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Great Mosque of Makkah from above: Rushdi Fatani, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The umbrellas of the Prophet’s Mosque, Madinah: Rushdi Fatani, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• St Peter’s Basilica above the Tiber, Rome: Alejandro Aznar, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The White Bridge over the Karun, Ahvaz: Danial Chitnis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Desert dunes at sunrise (home page banner): Stephen Leonardi, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A camel caravan at sunset (home page banner): mohamed aouni, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The caves of Qumran (home page banner): BOGDAN SIUDY, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An Arabic manuscript (home page banner): burcubyzt_85, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Lanterns in a Middle Eastern hall (home page banner): bassel zaki, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The columns of Jerash (home page banner): Francesco Ungaro, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A starlit desert sky (home page banner): Mo Eid, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An Amarna letter in Akkadian cuneiform, British Museum: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Stones inscribed with Hebrew words: Dimitry Fadeev, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An old manuscript in Arabic script: Adam Noor, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The Arch of Titus, Rome: Josh Withers, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The synagogue at Capernaum: Regan Dsouza, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Pella, Jordan: Freedom’s Falcon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Balıklıgöl, Şanlıurfa: Ayşegül Aytören, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The ziggurat of Ur: khezez | خزاز, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The beehive houses of Harran: Konevi, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A Star of David in a synagogue window: Jonathan Fuentes, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The consecration of the drabsha (Drower, 1937, plate 12): Unknown photographer, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Church domes with crosses: Ruslan Rozanov, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A mosque dome with a crescent: Mesut Yalçın, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A Torah scroll and pointer: cottonbro studio, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Law books: Pixabay, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An illuminated Arabic page: mohamed abdelghaffar, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A halal butcher, Mingora: Amjad ali, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Challah bread: cottonbro studio, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Bread, grapes and wine: KoolShooters, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares, United Nations: Rodsan18, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Doves over a fortress wall: Tahir Xəlfəquliyev, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A dove with an olive branch: Artem Podrez, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An open Qur’an on a stand: MATAQ Darul Ulum, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An open Bible on an altar: Wendy van Zyl, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A page of the Qur’an in warm light: Jahra Tasfia Reza, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A page of Codex Alexandrinus: Edward Maunde Thompson, facsimile of the Codex Alexandrinus (1879 to 1883), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Readers studying a book together: cottonbro studio, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The rooftops of the Old City of Jerusalem: Anat Landa, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Olive oil in a glass jar: Diana ✨, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Palm trees near Tabuk: French Sweetie, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Calligraphy in a mosque: Sami TÜRK, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Calligraphy on parchment: Budget Bizar, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Reading a Torah scroll: Maor Attias, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The Kaaba from above: Konevi, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A green valley among hills: Anat Landa, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Wedding rings: Melike B, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Ancient fortress walls, Derbent: Ilya Perelude, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Sunlight through clouds: Inderpreet Sekhon, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• The ruins of Babylon: khezez | خزاز, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• Wadi Mujib, Jordan: Francesco Ungaro, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• An open Qur’an with prayer beads: UMA media, Pexels licence, via Pexels.
• A historic synagogue: cottonbro studio, Pexels licence, via Pexels.